Marketing for Managers Royal Society

Question: Depict about the Marketing for Managers for Royal Society. Answer: Presentation Illustrious Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) alludes to a pinnacle association of Australia which runs with 40 sanctuaries and 1600 staffs as a representative. It built up in 1981 in Australia to advance government assistance of creatures. Consistently it makes a cost more than $100 million to embrace pets which help to improve the living of Australian creatures. The RSPCA additionally makes activity of the creature care and office of selection (Lancaster, Collecott Paterson, 2015) (www.rspca.org.au/receive pet). Then again, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is a protection bunch which has set up in 1961 which has in excess of 5,000,000 supporters universally just as working in excess of 100 nations. In 1978, it set up in Australia and made a first year activity financial plan around US $80,000. WWF has the selection of creatures in the nation. (Wapner, 2012). There is an idea of 4 Ps investigation which shows administrations of both pinnacle associations. The two ass ociations keep up the technique of 4 Ps of advertising blend to embrace best pets and creatures in the nation (donate.wwf.org.au/crusades/give/) 4 Ps Marketing Mix of RSPCA It is important to keep up the advertising blend of RSPCA to quantify the showcasing execution of the association. The association is running in the objective market or not, it can gauge through 4 Ps of showcasing blend. Item RSPCA is the biggest and most established government assistance association of creatures into overall which is running with around 1600 representatives. The associations receive pets to give to clients which is spreading globally including Europe, Africa and Asia. It makes an activity office to mind and secure the pets. It is exceptionally useful for the general public to advance creature government assistance association. It has a relationship with partner in embracing pets for the government assistance of creatures. There is a center advantage which shows the complete salary of RSPCA in 2012, that was 132,803,000 and the absolute consumption was around 121,464,000. It implies that the association is making benefit by demonstrating its selection of pets to various nations (Paterson, Lawrie Morton, 2013). Cost The association charges adequate cost to embrace the pets and creatures in the general public. Its selection cost is adequate and veritable in Australia just as outside nations. RSPCA is the primary government assistance good cause of creatures. Over the most recent two years, RSPCA has burned through 22.5 million on lawful bill and furthermore spent more than 325,000 on a body of evidence against the Heythrop chase to receive pets for individuals. RSPCA employs Barristers and paid somewhere in the range of 800 and 1,200 of every a day. Subsequent to spending of 22.5 million, it is feeling the squeeze to drop its correct arraignment. It additionally paid 1,200 to a legal counselor for some extraordinary instances of reception in the nation (Burn, 2012). Spot RSPCA is a pinnacle association of Australia built up in 1981 to advance government assistance of the creature. In 1871, the first SPCA was framed in Victoria locale of Australia. The warrant of Royal has given in 1932. It is running with 40 safe houses and followed by Tasmania in the year 1872, New South Wales in 1873, and South Australia in the year 1875, Western Australia in the year 1892, Territory of Australian Capital in 1955 and Darwin in the year 1965. It first feels what spot is better for the administrations and government assistance of the creature and how the benefit become expands each year in Australia and outside nations. At that point it attempts to form the association more into overall division by offering best types of assistance over the nations (Hawkins, Deacon Dennison, 2012). Advancement In todays world, RSPCA embraces an enormous number of pets to offer best types of assistance to the general public. The association can mind and secure the creatures and pets with the assistance of such advancement. It is useful in thinking about creature just as give significant data and proposal to help the satisfactory network on issues of creatures and pets government assistance and concerns. In the most recent year, it has got 1 137,391 creatures into its creature shields just as appropriation focuses in the nation by advancing the item into overall division. The association advanced its administrations through its own sites and different sources. In the Last 10 years, it has received 701,943 creatures which incorporate 382,951 mutts and pups and 246,928 felines and cats with the assistance of such advancement. It gets more appropriation by advancing its administrations by means of sites and the web (Alberthsen, Rand Bennett, 2013). 4 Ps Marketing Mix of WWF Promoting blend of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is as comparable as the 4 Ps showcasing blend of RSPCA which shows the advertising execution and how it is running in the general public. Promoting blend demonstrates that how the association is useful in government assistance of the creature (Wasan Tripathi, 2014). Item World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is a non-government association which embraces creatures for improving the way of life of the general public. It is the establishment with 55% of store from an individual and estates. It is the biggest protection association on the planet which is having 5,000,000 supporters into worldwide market and appropriation of creatures are utilizing by 100 nations on the planet. The organization is giving center advantage to individuals by which they are fulfilled the administration in the general public. In the year 1978, the appropriation of creatures of WWF has presented in Australia. On that time, creatures were selling by just three staff who was working with the association in Sydney. Be that as it may, presently the creature appropriation of the association is running great across 100 nations (Warburton, 2013). Cost The cost of the item is certifiable by which individuals are increasingly engaged with the administrations. In the main year of activity, the preservation spending plan of the association was around $80,000. These days, WWF is making tremendous benefit and becomes number 1 preservation association into around the world. It has in excess of 50,000 supporters and ventures in progress all through Australia. It additionally makes benefit with having a few accomplices who pay as continuous expense to the next association. It has best chain of flexibly in Australia to make more exchange just as to build benefit the nation over (Umberger, Windle Rolfe, 2016). Spot Spot alludes to the specific selling point where it makes more clients for government assistance of the creature. WWF is working now in 100 nations over the world with 5,000,000 supporters globally. It contemplates where it can make more benefit by its administrations on the grounds that a decent spot is expected to run the association reliably. It likewise keeps up a collaboration inside four need territories, for example, marine, species, food and atmosphere. It centers around these zones more on the grounds that these are driven by Australias best psyche in science, arrangements, business and correspondence (Malek Anders, 2016). Advancement WWF additionally makes advancement for its administrations by which individuals may include more with the association. Presently it bolsters around 1,300 condition and protection ventures. In the year 2014, it makes establishment with 55% of reserve with an individual, 19% from wellsprings of government (like World Bank, DFID and USAID) and 8% from companies. It makes advancement to get more creatures and to expand its announcement of strategic Australia (Samson Sheela, 2016). Target Market Justification among RSPCA and WWF RSPCA and WWF both are best pinnacle associations in Australia just as the other nation. From the over 4 Ps advertising blend of the two associations it has thought about that both are running admirably as pinnacle associations in Australia. Be that as it may, the two organizations can't consider as the objective market in light of the fact that their benefit and improvement is extraordinary. Their administrations and selection is likewise unique. RSPCA receives pets and WWF embraces creatures inside the nation. Presently it has clear that RSPCA can be treated as the objective market since it embraces the two pets and creatures at an incredible section which includes greater productivity inside all nations. The association spends more just as gains more benefit (Revoredo-Giha Kupiec-Teahan, 2012). The all out pay of RSPCA in 2012 was 132,803,000 and the all out consumption was around 121,464,000. It very well may be the objective market on the grounds that the settled up capital is a greater amount of RSPCA in contrast with WWF. It has received 701,943 creatures which incorporate 382,951 pooches and young doggies and 246,928 felines and cats with the assistance of such advancement over the most recent 10 years. For this, it has thought about that RSPCA is treated as the objective market. In spite of the fact that WWF is additionally running admirably with 40 asylums in the nation, the settled up capital is uncommon of the association, though RSPCA makes a cost more than $100 million consistently to receive best pets and creatures and assists with improving the living of Australian creatures. RSPCA is receiving pets with some greater expense just as it makes higher benefit. For this, we can consider RSPCA as target advertise division in the nation (Toma Stott, 2012). End From the above conversation it has inferred that both are running universally and giving government assistance to creature in the nation. The showcasing blend of the two associations is adequate to run in the market division. The vision of WWF is to control corruption of regular ecological planet just as it is additionally developing a future in which individuals are living with amicability nature. RSPCA and WWF both are making more benefit and having creatures in their safe houses. In any case, RSPCA is considered as the objective market in light of its productivity and creation in Australia. The RSPCA additionally makes activity of the creature care and office of reception. It is spending more and making more benefit the nation over. It very well may be the objective market in light of the fact that the settled up capital is a greater amount of RSPCA in contrast with WWF. It has embraced 701,943 creatures which incorporate 382,951 canines and young doggies and 246,928 felines and c ats with the assistance of such advancement over the most recent 10 years. RSPCA will reliably grow up on the off chance that it runs as regular in the objective market. References A

FlagLive :: Personal Narrative Traveling Essays

FlagLive It's an impractically wonderful summer evening in northern California, the warmth of the day having passed, the sky and earth resounding splendid hues against one another as though having intercourse. Only i'm, riding my bike through a redwood woodland on my way to a campground, where my riding mate and I had consented to meet. Transcending above like goliath sentinels, the trees feel invigorated, inviting, as though the spirits of the timberland are ceremoniously accepting home an intemperate child. I fold into camp, and Fred (my voyaging partner) is as of now there. It's just been around six hours, yet we're as glad to see each other as though it had been a couple of days. Our campground, settled in the timberland, is close to a glade, where elk feed at their recreation. We settle in and began cooking our standard pot of stew, which for the most part comprises of grains, vegetables, and canned meat - whatever we found, and enjoyed, on the market racks. The day's ride incorporated a progression of steep trips, so we were thinking about how our British companions (one an understudy from Oxford, the other from Bath), additionally making a similar southward trek from Oregon to California, had fared. Exactly as expected, they fold into camp similarly as dinner is practically prepared, this time with two 40-ounce jugs of beer and a jug of tequila, yet next to zero food. Fred and I are glad to see them. They've become a wellspring of motivation, for which we are glad to give pieces of sustenance. Ordinarily, they'd fold into camp around 7:00 or somewhere in the vicinity, with only their bikes, their tent, and liquor, and they'd get serious - the matter of having a great time. They'd begin drinking, or fire up a J, or both. At that point they'd meander aroun d the different campgrounds, acquainting themselves with anybody and everybody, celebrating the night, if conceivable. Meanwhile, Fred had just met two different riders, whom we'd welcome to dinner. Ongoing alumni of Boston College, they got known to us throughout the following hardly any days (they were additionally venturing to every part of a similar course) as Watch Girl and Chocolate Detective. As the stew cooked, the gathering was on. Ilana (Chocolate Detective) asked us for what valid reason we stayed in bed separate tents. We revealed to her that on the off chance that we didn't, we'd jump on one another's nerves. She shot back, Your two tents! (You're excessively tense!) Bam.

A Guide on How Search Engines Work in Small Businesses

A Guide on How Search Engines Work in Small Businesses Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!A Guide on How Search Engines Work in Small BusinessesUpdated On 21/09/2018Author : Ram kumarTopic : SEOShort URL : https://hbb.me/2PThuwg CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogSearch engines are essential for the survival of every website on the internet. When it comes to companies, there are many small companies that represent a significant component of the market. Small businesses are limited in their budgets, which makes the hiring of experts a difficult and daunting task. It is also important to be aware that SEO services for small business can generate more business and reach their potential customers.1. Local DirectoriesThere are hundreds of local and industry specific directories. You can register for free on most directories and then add some specific business details. Each directory is different and so is the amount of information you can add. Most directories als o offer paid advertising options. These adverts will often appear higher in the search results on the directory, but one word of caution the returns you can expect from this advertising will differ greatly. To find the most relevant business directories for your business, simply do a search for your business type in your location.2. Google AdwordsA well-managed and well-targeted Google Adwords programme can give your local advertising campaign that boosts that you need. Google Adwords can be a cost-effective solution to gain extra customers from your hometown as wells as reach further a-field. It is essential that Adwords campaigns and adverts are designed to target the specific keyword you want to achieve traffic. Google offers a great support and advisory service that is dedicated to helping optimize your campaign around your keywords.3. Google + LocalGoogle has now brought together Google Places and Google +1 under the banner of Google + Local. It should be one of the first thin gs any small business completes in order to get their website found in local SERPs. All businesses should make sure they include as much information as possible, including Opening Hours, Company Logo, Photos, Business Description, Directions, and even YouTube videos. Google + Local not only provides your potential customers with additional information but also allows customers to review your business.READSome Essential Factors About On-Page SEO4. On Page SEOSearch Engine Optimization is a massive topic in its own right and there are many factors that will influence how high your site will appear. This article only covers the essential factors on-site factors that must be included to help your website optimization be more locally focussed. Make sure that your site home page includes your location and business type throughout. Your Meta Description, Title, and H1 Tags should all match your content and include the main keyword and location.So if youre a builder in Bristol makes sure th at the Description, Title, and H1 Tag include Builders Bristol. The factors mentioned above will all help to better optimize your site to be found in local searches. But remember, it doesnt stop at being found and increasing traffic Make sure that when potential customers land on your site they are well signposted to the right places to convert page visits into sales.Therefore, it is important to follow the above guide as a small business operator to help them improve on the number of customers who makes purchases from their shops as this action may ultimately improve the sales of commodities thus resulting to the expansion of a small business to a corporate firm.

Thomas Hobbes And John Locke - 2190 Words

Hobbes versus Locke Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are both well known to be associated with the state of nature. However, the philosophers have extremely distinct views on how the state of nature should be lived out. Hobbes is a highly conservative and harsh in tone in his views of humans and how they react in a state of nature. For example, he believes that men are selfish and will act in a way that only benefits themselves. Locke, on the contrary, thinks that men are not out to get each other. He has trust in the human nature and believes men will act with integrity and honesty in their everyday lives. Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 and died in 1679. His most famous work was the Leviathan and it discussed how he saw a social construct, or the state of nature, to be produced and enforced. The main focuses of his piece heavily enforce his view on political philosophy, meaning how a society should be run, the state of nature and how natural laws are formed from the state of nature, and conflicts humans face because they are seen as distrustful and deceitful to one another. For Hobbes, a state of nature is a state in which every man is out for himself and must do whatever it takes to make sure he is protected in a society without a structured government. The right of nature branches off this idea and is defined as the freedom of a man to make his own choices on how to use his power he may have acquired. As a result of this, Hobbes thinks men become savage-like and selfishShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes886 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss the differences in political theories expressed by both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. In, Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes, and in, The Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke different theories of political legitimacy and definitions of the state of nature are described. The following paragraphs analyze multiple different points that are imperative to understanding these political theories. In the reading, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes discusses what human existence is in the state of nature andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke911 Words   |  4 Pagessocial contract theory, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke established many of the founding ideals that contemporary Liberalism is based on. While the shared many similar positions, there are some key distinctions to be made between the arguments Hobbes and Locke make in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Civil Government, respectively. In this paper I will argue the differences between how each of them viewed the right of the subjects to revolt from the sovereign. Thomas Hobbes published his most famousRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesEifling-Question 4 Hobbes and Locke During and after the English Revolution, a few philosophers expressed different views on their philosophical outlook and life experiences. Some of the most outstanding thinkers include Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. They had opposing views on governance matters, but the two, also, had striking similarities. In addition, the two represented an increasingly modernized European population that despised absolute kingship. Both Hobbes and Locke proposed a conceptionRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesknow how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. They both developedRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the twoRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke928 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is no formed society, government, laws, safety, etc. both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke take this into perspective while introducing a political view. As illustrated by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels, they proposed political views on how human nature can prosper. Initially, Thomas Hobbes introduces a concept on the state of nature and its effects as well as how peace can be achieved. In Leviathan, Hobbes defines what living in a state of nature would be like and theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke888 Words   |  4 Pagesare very similar but diverge in the moments that solidify their stance on their opinion. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke is both political scientist who have made strides in the area of social contracts and share being natural law theorist also. Locke and all other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal and there fore struck contracts with each other to secure safety among them. Hobbes assumed differently, thus his verdicts are very different from other natural law theoristsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1494 Words   |  6 Pages1) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke share the basic assumption that a theory based off of abstract individualism, consent, sovereignty and reason will produce a peaceful and productive society. This theory is the liberal political theory, which is the philosophy of individual rights and a limited government. Both Hobbes and Locke both center the majority of their ideas off of how people’s lives should be based off of nature rights instead of natural law. This being said, people are also subject to theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1426 Words   |  6 PagesBy the second half of the 17th Century, England would experience one of the bloodiest conflicts in its history, ultimately serving to influence some of the most phenomenal political philosophers in Europe --Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. England was in constant unrest, choosing new forms of government almost on a whim in desperate attempts to restore order in the Country. The English Civil War in 1642 etched a legacy of drea d in the people of England, and the war only appeared more disastrous andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority. The following pages show how modern social contract theory especially that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, grew into the divisive issue it is in contemporary political philosophy. Modern social contract theory can trace its roots to prominent thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. It is their thoughts on social contracts that lie at the center of the many spheres we are a part of. For Hobbes and Locke, social contract theory sought to analyze the relationship between rulers and the ruled

Juvenile Rehabilitation Adult Prison vs. Juvenile...

Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased number of youthful, violent offenders, many are being processed and sentenced as adults. Important issues such as culpability, severity of the crime, accountability, constitutional rights of the offenders and victims, and probability of rehabilitation,†¦show more content†¦With the escalation of murders and rapes committed by minors as seen in recent years the people are looking for the right answer. Public concern over the effectiveness of the juvenile courts when dealing with these offenders has brought about change in the justice system. (Stolba, 2001). The courts now, are quicker to transfer a juveniles’ case to adult court than when the juvenile system was first formed. There stands a conflict of interests within the two court systems. Juvenile courts are to protect the rights of youths determined incapable of adult decisions. The primary concern is that the youth be rehabilitated and not become a repeat offender. Thus, protecting the child from incarceration with adult criminals and any possible future victims. The concerns of the adult court is to make sure the convicted offender pays for their crime and that the victim gets justice. Rehabilitation is not a primary concer of the adult justice system. It is the very nature of the criminal justice system to hold those accountable for their actions. In the adult courts the purpos is to be judged by a jury of our peers and held accountable for crimes committed. There must be consequences faced for criminal actions. The adult and juvenile courts handle the proceedings quite differently. The adult court has a defendant whom appears for a bail hearing. The defendant than is sent to trial in front of a jury of his peers, basedShow MoreRelatedThe Punitive And Rehabilitative Approach As An Indispensable Part Of The Criminal Justice Reform Issue3487 Words   |  14 PagesOverview Offender incarceration is an indispensable part of the criminal justice reform issue. This paper contrasts the punitive and rehabilitative approach as two central areas of offender incarceration. The contemporary society presents individuals with divergent viewpoints on methods of dealing with offenders. A section of the public believes that offender incarceration is not an effective method of dealing with offenders. Most offenders from prison end up engaging in criminal activities and findRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Should Severity of Punishment for Young Offenders Be the Same as Adults? Throughout centuries of development, crime and social safety are still the biggest concerns for a country since it can influence the political, economic, and social aspects. With the evolution of human civilization, more than seventy percent of the world has been urbanized into developed countries. These countries contain advanced technologies, highly-comprehensive policies and economic system. Along withRead MoreCjs 240 Intro to Juvenile Justice the Juvenile Justice Systems Need to Focus on Rehabilitation1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Juvenile Justice System’s Need to Focus on Rehabilitation The Juvenile Justice System’s Need to Focus on Rehabilitation Amanda R. Molnar Axia College of the University of Phoenix The Juvenile Justice System Needs to Focus on Rehabilitation The juvenile justice system has long been in debate over whether its focus should be rehabilitation or punishment. From its birth in the early 20th century, the juvenile justice system has changed its focus from punishment to rehabilitation and backRead MoreJuvenile Vs. Adult Corrections939 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile vs. Adult Corrections The correctional justice system of the United States focused to keep crime out of the streets. The age group divides once the criminal becomes eighteen or above, but sometimes the lines are drawn at the age eighteen to determine if the criminal is convicted of a crime as a juvenile or as an adult. The system allows a rehabilitation facility to maintain criminals from relapsing an offense they have done or will do in the future. Although, criminals charged as an adultRead MoreThe Amendment Protects Peoples Inalienable Rights1197 Words   |  5 Pagessafety† (IACP n.d p.3). Fair sentencing has to be implements differently for juveniles than it is for adults depending on the age of the juvenile when the crime is committed. In the case of Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 support the bill in the essence that juveniles are still at the point of figuring out or defining their own identities and â€Å"it is less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character† (Roper v. Simmons, 2005)Read MoreEssay on Juveniles in Adult Prisons1612 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles in Adult Prisons A deep look into juveniles in adult prisons. Touch bases on several smaller issues that contribute to juveniles being in and effects of adult prisons. The United States Bureau of Prisons handles two hundred and thirty-nine juveniles and their average age is seventeen. Execution of juveniles, The United States is one of only six countries to execute juveniles. There are sixty-eight juveniles sitting on death row for crimes committed as juveniles. Forty-three ofRead MoreJuvenile Justice and Rehabilitation2500 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Justice and Rehabilitation When discussing rehabilitation or punishment for juvenile delinquents, I believe there should be rehabilitation over punishment. Granted there are numerous cases that completely warrant punishment, but punishment isn’t always the answer. Adults are usually given second, third and fourth chances to change their lives. And sometimes rehabilitation isn’t involved. I believe since adolescents still have plenty of time to get counseling or learn about themselvesRead MoreJust Mercy Essays : Juveniles Being Tried As Adults1407 Words   |  6 Pagesto Bryan Stevenson’s â€Å"Just Mercy† stories of juveniles being tried as adults, Jason Zeidenberg in the article â€Å"The Risks Juveniles Face When They Are Incarcerated with Adults† strongly emphasizes the dangers and consequences that juveniles face when they are tried as adults. Zeidenberg states the consequences of juveniles being raped, assaulted, committing suicide and the effects of being victimized. C hildren who are housed in the same facility as Adults is not a good idea nor a good mix, accordingRead MoreHow Effective Is The Youth Justice System Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesinto effect, the crime rates have decreased. Previously Canada had one of the highest youth incarceration rates in the western world. However since the Youth Criminal Justice Act got put into place in 2003, the crime rates have declined significantly. The Youth Justice System does their best to better and rehabilitate the adolescents that get into trouble with the law. They provide youth with rehabilitation programs, behavioral programs, and diversion programs. The purpose of the Youth Justice SystemRead MoreEssay about History of Human Services1589 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophies which clash with the methods of providing help. These philosophies include: * Deserving vs. Undeserving: This is where victim blamers are as the superior to the victims who need help which are put in discriminatory classification as higher or lower categories and some are considered to be more worthy of receiving benefits and services than others (pg 32). * Means-tested vs. Universal programs: This is where means-tested programs that are available only to the poor, whose assets

Consumer Behavior Towards Online Shopping - 18477 Words

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING (E-Shopping) Submitted To, L.J. Institute of Business Administration Vastrapur, Ahmedabad Project Guide, Prof. Saurin Shah Submitted by Name Roll No. 1. Siddharth Iyer 47 2. Raj Joisar 55 3. Keval Amreliya 05 4. Dhanraj Solanki 145 5. Akash Gupta 43 6. Simpy Harwani 45 7. Binny Machchhar 71 8. Dhairyah Manek 78 9. Sandeep Ojha 86 10. Bhoomi Kotadia 66 TABLE OF CONTENT No. | Subject | Pg. No†¦show more content†¦Objective of the study  To study the online shopping behavior of customers  To study the factors influencing online shoppers and consumers  To study the customer’s level of satisfaction with regard to online shopping  To examine whether customers prefer online shopping to physical stores. MICRO INFORMATION What is Myntra? Myntra.com is ranked among the leading e-commerce companies in India and is the largest online retailer of lifestyle and fashion products. The company was started by a group of IIT/IIM graduates in 2007 and is headquartered in Bangalore. Funded by top tier Venture Capital Funds, Myntra is among the best funded e-commerce companies in the country today. Myntra, which started as an online destination for personalized products back in 2007, has expanded into broader lifestyle and fashion retailing. Today, Myntra is the largest online lifestyle retailer with over 200 national and international brands under its banner. Who started it? Myntra was established by Mukesh Bansal, Ashutosh Lawania, and Vineet Saxena in February 2007. All three are IIT alumni, and have worked for several start-ups. Myntra is headquartered in Bangalore and has been funded by top tier Venture Capital funds like IndoUS, IDG amp; Accel Partners. How myntra started? The company started off in the business of personalization of products, and soon expanded to set up regional offices in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. It began its operations in the B2BShow MoreRelatedOnline Shopping : Developing Countries1017 Words   |  5 Pagestransformed how retailers and buyers meet at the market place through physical and online purchases, distribution of products and services(Bashir, 2013). Although deemed to be a familiar channel for success and growth in developed countries, online shopping is still considered an innovation in developing countries like Tanzania (Mlelwa, 2015; Zaied, 2012) According to Katawetawaraks Wang(2011) online shopping has facilitated the presence of many foreign companies looking to boost their brandRead MoreAnalysis Of Consumer Behavior And Online Shopping Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Consumer behavior in online shopping with especial reference to Pune Abstract: It is now become accustomed to watch advertisement of e-commerce companies on television. Internet shopping is responsible for transformation of marketing scenario in India. One click on screen of computer presents hundred of products to see and to compare with each other. Undeniably turnover of such companies involved in this business is making new records everyday. Day by day the number of internet savvyRead MoreFactors Affecting Online Shopping1438 Words   |  6 PagesFactors Affecting Customers’ Satisfaction in the Environment of Online Shopping 1. Abstract Online shopping is a process of buying and selling of products and services through the Internet. Online shopping has become the fastest-growing industry and Internet users have reported that online shopping is one of their primary uses of Internet. With the help of online shopping, the consumers can purchase clothing, shoes, books, airline and events tickets, foods, computers hardware and so on. In theRead MoreOnline Shopping Conduct And Internet Shopping Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Online shopping is almost to synonymous to customary shopping through brick and mortar stores. As indicated by UCLA Center for Communication Policy, online shopping has been rising as a standout among the most famous web exercises, marginally behind e-mailing and internet surfing and in addition surpasses online entertainment search and online news. Online shopping conduct (additionally called web purchasing conduct and Internet shopping/purchasing conduct) implies to the procedure ofRead MoreConsumer Attitude : An Organization Of Motivational, Emotional, Perceptual And Cognitive Processes1519 Words   |  7 Pages Consumer Attitude An attitude may be defined as a feeling of favorableness or unfavorableness that an individual has towards an object (be it a person, thing or situation). A wider definition of attitude sees it as â€Å"an enduring organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes with respect to some aspect of our environment† (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 2004). More specifically, â€Å"attitude refers to knowledge and positive or negative feelings about an object or activity† (PrideRead MoreImpact Of Internet On Modern Business1699 Words   |  7 Pagesof those aspects. This development also affected the way people use the internet in their daily activities, especially in the online shopping behavior. The objective of this paper is to observe and analyze the internet impacts on modern business presented in the three articles attached. This paper specifically written to examine the effects of internet on consumer behavior pattern. To complete all the data required in this paper, I attached the three articles that were studied. I also provided aRead MoreA Good With Luxury Brand1498 Words   |  6 Pagesbecomes one of the most important symbols for social status and life style in worldwide nowadays. In the meanwhile, online shopping continues to a robust growth, with a result of online retail sales contributing to 4.9% of total sales in the first quarter of year 2012, under the phenomena of economic crisis(Bureau, 2012). However, if luxury brand performs a good show for online shopping adoption, especially in China. It is known to us that after year 1978 for the Chinese economic reform, China has occurredRead MoreLiterature Review On The Field Of Online Shopping1187 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes reading research papers to get a clearer image of recent advancements in the field of Online shopping . In-fact we believe research is the most essential phase of our project because this is the first time we are worki ng on this particular type of project and it’s a challenge for us. So, to make ourselves feel comfortable with this project it was quite necessary for us to understand Online shopping its various application and the ongoing researches in this field. Literature review is an essentialRead MorePeapod: Online Grocery Shopping953 Words   |  4 PagesPea Pod Behaviors and Comparison What behaviors are involved in online grocery shopping? How does online grocery shopping compare with traditional shopping in terms of behavioral effort? The behaviors involved in online grocery shopping are information contact, funds access, and transaction. The information contact â€Å"†¦occurs when consumers come into contact with information, either intentionally or accidentally, about products, stores, or brands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (J. Paul Peter, 2010, p. 195) Funds access or moneyRead MoreResearch on Patterns of Online Consumer Behavior1374 Words   |  6 Pagesof the consumer behavior online, with focus group as young adults aged between eighteen and thirty-four interested in buying a mobile phone or a related product ,Petrovic Dejan explained that the most relevant behavioral characteristics of online consumers and examine several ways they find, evaluate and compare product’s information. Comparison of the freshly collected surveyed data with the present existing consumer behavior theory resulted in number of issues related to a specific consumer group

Spencer Hood free essay sample

Spencer Hood1/8/2018English 9Mr. RobersonGreat Gatsby Paper When it comes to morally ambiguous characters The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald does not fall short. This being said the character who stands out the most is Daisy Buchanan. Daisy is wife of a man named Tom Buchanan who is a friend of the narrator of the story Nick Carraway. Daisy is identified as a morally ambiguous character for a couple of reasons those being Daisy is cheating on Tom with Gatsby, she let Gatsby take the blame for murder of Myrtle Wilson, she is introduced as a sort of perfect figure and Gatsbys love however he finds out she is merely another human. All these examples have a conflict and makes it hard for someone to identify her a purely good or purely evil.Daisy is cheating on Tom with Gatsby which on its face may seem like just a care free affair which would be considered wrong and bad conversely it could be seen as a way for Daisy to get back at Tom for cheating on her with Myrtle which she had found out about. We will write a custom essay sample on Spencer Hood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While affairs ae generally considered wrong and a bad thing to do one might understand it more if she was doing it as perhaps revenge of a way to get back at him and make him feel bad. Having said that this may confuse the reader as to the morality of the character and it may further confuse them to the outcome of the book as a whole. He nodded sagely. And whats more, I love Daisy too. Once in a while I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in my heart I love her all the time. (Fitzgerald, 131). This is a quote that perhaps exemplifies the point above where you see Tom start to become more emotional or guilty which plays a part in deciding the morality of Daisys actions. Daisy is driving with Gatsby back to his home on West Egg when Myrtle gets out in front of the car because she thinks that someone else is driving that she would like to talk to. Daisy does not slow down and ends up hitting myrtle and killing her on the spot. She quickly continued to drive and never looked back. Gatsby decides to take the blame for the crash and decides to say he was driving as evident by this quote. But of course ill say I was (Fitzgerald, 143

The Keynesian Analysis Of The Demand For free essay sample

Money Essay, Research Paper General Theory? claimed money stock merely of import to the extent that it influenced the i. rate, which led to reverberations ( excite inv. A ; ingestion ) . ? Keynesians ( non K himself ) ? note: pointed to a point where addition in MS would hold no consequence on i. rate A ; hence no consequence on econ in toto. Keynesian Motivations for Money Holding: Motivation for keeping money/cash balances divided in 3 constituent parts: I. ) Transactions. ii. ) Precautionary. ? both income det. three. ) Speculative? one rate det. ? 1. Minutess Motivation: given institutionalised clip slowdowns between reception of factor incomes A ; outgo spendings, a certain sum of money required for normal daily minutess, and existent value of this minutess demand will be closely related to existent income of economy. ? The premise: existent volume of minutess closely related to existent income of economy. ? 2. Precautionary Motive: Cash balances held in instance of unanticipated spendings, basically of a dealing nature ( e. We will write a custom essay sample on The Keynesian Analysis Of The Demand For or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. unanticipated medical measure ) . ? Though vary between indivs, sensible to anticipate that in the sum, related to existent income A ; in nominal footings to monetary value level. ? Together? signifier L1. 3. Bad Demand: ( or Asset Demand ) ? for bad fiscal minutess. ? ( To simplify analysis, Keynes assumed being of merely 2 fiscal assets? hard currency A ; consols: involvement bearing, non-redeemable bonds ) . Keynes argued opposite relationship between bond monetary values and involvement rates. ? V. simplified e.g. : say a bond issued for $ 100 paying an one-year voucher of $ 5. ? The effectual rate of involvement consequently 5 % . ? If market rate were subsequently to lift to 10 % , holder of this bond would be able to obtain merely $ 50 when sold? since $ 50 is all that? s needed to give an involvement income of $ 5. ? Equally, had I. rate fallen to 2.5 % , bond? s market value would come close $ 200. ? # 8211 ; Indivs will each hold their ain outlooks of a normal rate of i. rate with which they will anticipate the market rate finally to coincide. # 8211 ; At a high i. rate, indivs will anticipate i. rates to fall and bond monetary values to rise. ? To profit from the rise in bond monetary values indiv.s will utilize their bad balances to purchase bonds. ? Therefore, when i. rates are high, bad balances are low. # 8211 ; At low i. rates, indivs will anticipate i. rates to lift and bond monetary values to fall. ? To avoid the capital losingss associated with a autumn in bond monetary values, indivs will sell their bonds and add to their bad hard currency balances. ? Therefore, when i. rates are low, bad balances will be high. ? # 8211 ; Ultimately, i. rate reached where no one thinks it can travel higher? cosmopolitan outlooks of a autumn ( indicate A in Fig 1b ) ? idle spec hard currency balances zero, as everyone will seek to travel into bonds? in outlook of doing a capital addition. # 8211 ; Ultimately, minimum i. rate such that univ. outlook of a hereafter rise? here no call for bonds with demand for idle balances infinite up to number wealth. ? ( liquidness trap ) # 8211 ; Inverse relationship between rate of involvement and the bad demand for money. ( a ) L1 = Transactions A ; Precautionary MD? ( B ) Speculative MD? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( degree Celsius ) Total MD ( Individual Speculative MD? remainders on premise that indivs have a construct of normal involvement rate: if current market i. rate gt ; normal, outlook that i. rates will fall/bond Ps will rise? so Wholly plus hard currency to purchase bonds? so spec hard currency demand zero. ? If converse, spec hard currency demand space: so implies that indivs either keep hard currency or bonds but non both ) Money Market Equilibrium: # 8211 ; Keynesian theoretical account implies MD increases as i. rates fall. ? Besides implies that increased MS ( Fig 3 ) implies fall in i. rates, which in bend stimulates inv amp ; cons? N spendings, impact magnified by multiplier, ensuing in enlargement of money Nat Inc. ? Whether end product or P addition mostly dependent on unemployed resources/extent of trim capacity. ? But 1 exclusion ( Liquidity trap ) : if i. rates so low that cosmopolitan belief that they? ll rise. ? So no 1 willing to purchase gov. bonds. ? If gov. enlarges MS ( = Money Stock ) , would be no consequence on i. rates ( Fig 4 ) . ? Since money stock at any one clip must be held by person, it would happen its manner into custodies of public. ? But no alteration in income degree, so no desire to add to dealing balances. ? With no desire to buy gov. bonds, merely added to speculative money retentions? implies a minimal restraint on involvement rates. ? # 8211 ; Liquidity Trap? implies powerlessness of Monet pol at a point, where increased Money SK accumulated in idle balances # 8211 ; So K? N Theory suggests that impact of a MS addition will change? ( sometimes cut down i. rates, sometimes non ) , so, unlike trad measure theory, can? t make 1 generalized statement about impact of MS hike. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? i. rates in conventional K? N theory. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? of an hypertrophied MS upon i. rate.

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned This article is a kind of sample argumentative essay on the topic Smoking in Public Places Should be Banned Ban the Smoking: It’s Bad for Everyone Second-Hand Smoking Now that America is no longer dependent on tobacco production as a means to sustain its economy, the industry and culture surrounding it should be heavily controlled. Now that fewer people are smoking cigarettes, because of the well-documented health concerns related to its use, more cities and districts are cracking down on smoking in public places – and rightfully so. Smoking in public places should not only be banned, it should come with heavy penalties, such as outlandish fines, criminal charges and, if possible, public beatings. Due to the health problems associated with smoking cigarettes, due to smoking being a fire hazard and offensive to non-smokers, smoking in public places should never go under the radar. It should be banned on a national scale. Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes in public places should be banned because it’s offensive to the non-smokers who have to endure the smoke, the butts, the mess and the smell. Consider the typical public place – a market door entrance, a park bench, an elevator. People come to these places for peace and quiet, for necessity, to get to work, so they should not be required to breathe another person’s poisonous tobacco fumes. Everyone knows that second-hand smoke is just as, if not more, dangerous than directly inhaling the smoke. Why should a health-conscious, everyday person have to be penalized for another’s bad decision? It just isn’t right – so smoking in public places should be banned altogether. It’s also disgusting to smell cigarette smoke – even worse when it’s on your clothes. The American government has yet to criminalize the use of all tobacco products, mostly because of billion-dollar companies like Phillip Mor ris, out of Richmond, Virginia, pays millions of dollars in taxes annually. But cigarettes are killing everyday Americans, costing them too much in the long run. They should certainly be banned everywhere, not just in public places. More articles to read:  Junk Food in School  |  Why Are You Not in Class and out There Bleeding? Smoking Is Not Fashionable Anymore! Let’s ban smoking in public places because it gives young, impressionable adolescents the wrong idea. They see it and think it’s a normal, healthy, cool adult thing to do – something they perhaps feel they’re supposed to do it as adults, maybe even as teens. This is bad because they do not possess the foresight and self-preservation experience to avoid doing things that could one day kill them. By banning smoking in public places, fewer people will be seen smoking and, subsequently, outcast from society. It will be the thing that those people do; they will have to hide it. This is good because this mentality will condition smokers to perhaps give up smoking, a good deterrent for sure because the same social and peer pressure that may have encouraged them to begin smoking has gone the other way. Banning smoking in public places is a wonderful idea and should be taken up by every single jurisdiction, municipality, city, hole-in-the-wall town and county in th e country. In addition to smoking raising health concerns, banning public smoking altogether, including indoors, would surely cut down on fires – both in buildings and possibly in nature, as well. Just picture a waiter with five minutes for a smoke standing just outside a restaurant’s kitchen in a rush to fill their nicotine cravings. The headwaiter calls their name and they flick the cancer stick away – it’s not their problem, right? But it’s windy that night and the cigarette rolls into the nearby trash. And, bam – a fire has begun. People could die. How about banning smoking anywhere a fire could start, any place that could endanger others? This would cut down immensely on building fires. Innocent people wouldn’t have to die in fires, and their beloved possessions would not be destroyed. Banning public smoking benefits everyone, including the smoker. Let’s conclude this argument by going a step further. If we can already see how banning public smoking would benefit our citizens – protecting their health, peace of mind, homes and possessions – why stop there? Let’s ban smoking tobacco products altogether! Let’s rid our wonderful society of this evil poison, this killer of people, this addictive substance with no health value whatsoever. Let’s make cigarettes so expensive to buy that few can afford them, and so hard to find that they may as well be sold on the black market. This should apply to those vaporized smoking apparatuses, too. They are said to be a healthier alternative to smoking filter tobacco products, but they are just offensive to be around. Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Introduction For thÐ µ past 25 yÐ µars, thÐ µ Ð µstablishmÐ µnt of strong laws prÐ µvÐ µnting smoking in public placÐ µs has bÐ µÃ µn a primary goal of thÐ µ tobacco control movÐ µmÐ µnt. From a lÐ µgislativÐ µ pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ, thÐ µ issuÐ µ has bÐ µÃ µn how to movÐ µ broad public support for clÐ µan indoor air laws into policiÐ µs that protÐ µct thÐ µ public from thÐ µ harms of Ð µnvironmÐ µntal tobacco smokÐ µ (ЕTS, also known as passivÐ µ or sÐ µcondhand smokÐ µ) without rÐ µstricting individual rights to smokÐ µ. ЕvÐ µn today, whÐ µn smoking in public placÐ µs is highly rÐ µgulatÐ µd in most statÐ µs, thÐ µ dÐ µbatÐ µ ovÐ µr thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of that rÐ µgulation is around. That thÐ µ statÐ µ has thÐ µ right to rÐ µgulatÐ µ smoking to sÐ µcurÐ µ thÐ µ public's hÐ µalth is bÐ µyond quÐ µstion. ThÐ µ dÐ µbatÐ µ is about whÐ µn, how, and undÐ µr what circumstancÐ µs thÐ µ statÐ µ should Ð µxÐ µrcisÐ µ that powÐ µr ( LÐ µvy and Marimont 25).This papÐ µr arguÐ µs that smoking should bÐ µ bannÐ µd in thÐ µ public placÐ µs, illustrating that sÐ µcond-hand smoking sÐ µriously harms pÐ µoplÐ µ, showing that smoking prÐ µsÐ µnts a sÐ µrous risk to adolÐ µscÐ µnt and tÐ µÃ µnagÐ µrs, and pointing out that smoking is an addiction rathÐ µr than a simplÐ µ habit. In this papÐ µr, two opposing viÐ µws about smoking in thÐ µ public placÐ µs arÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd. WÐ µ bÐ µgin with thÐ µ argumÐ µnts supporting thÐ µ smoking in public placÐ µs. ThÐ µn, clÐ µar-cut rÐ µasoning why thÐ µ smoking in public should bÐ µ bannÐ µd is givÐ µn; illustrating that smoking is indÐ µÃ µd a vÐ µry sÐ µrious problÐ µm that should bÐ µ adÐ µquatÐ µly addrÐ µssÐ µd at thÐ µ statÐ µ and fÐ µdÐ µral lÐ µvÐ µls. ArgumÐ µnts supporting smoking in public placÐ µs Although a numbÐ µr of individuals support thÐ µ ban on smoking in public placÐ µs, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ many protÐ µstÐ µrs who arguÐ µ that smokÐ µrs should rÐ µtain thÐ µir rights to smokÐ µ in such placÐ µs as bars, rÐ µstaurants, and airports. ThÐ µ cÐ µntral rÐ µasoning of opponÐ µnts to rÐ µgulation prohibiting smoking arÐ µ that this habit is an individual choicÐ µ and that frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt conditions should dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ smokÐ µ, not thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt (Martin A1). To bÐ µ concisÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ a numbÐ µr of commonly accÐ µptÐ µd argumÐ µnts in favor of smoking in public placÐ µs, which arÐ µ outlinÐ µd bÐ µlow. RÐ µliancÐ µ on thÐ µ MarkÐ µt: In gÐ µnÐ µral, opponÐ µnts bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ that thÐ µ markÐ µt should dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ thÐ µ propÐ µr rolÐ µ of smoking in sociÐ µty. In particular, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ problÐ µm of whosÐ µ rights arÐ µ allowÐ µd to dictatÐ µ what is rulÐ µd. This is thÐ µ traditional public hÐ µalth dilÐ µmma of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ individual's right to smokÐ µ and takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for his or hÐ µr own hÐ µalth is outwÐ µighÐ µd by thÐ µ public's right to clÐ µan air. Similarly, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ philosophical quÐ µstion of how far thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt, at any lÐ µvÐ µl, should bÐ µ allowÐ µd to limit individual frÐ µÃ µdoms for thÐ µ sakÐ µ of public hÐ µalth (Mannino Ð µt al., 297-298). PÐ µrsonal ChoicÐ µ: OpponÐ µnts of smoking ban havÐ µ arguÐ µd that smoking is a mattÐ µr of pÐ µrsonal choicÐ µ for adults that should not bÐ µ subjÐ µct to govÐ µrnmÐ µntal rulÐ µ (Sullum 170). ThÐ µsÐ µ commÐ µntators activÐ µly opposÐ µ smoking rÐ µgulations as unjustifiÐ µd govÐ µrnmÐ µntal rulÐ µ. SupportÐ µrs of thÐ µ tobacco industry also arguÐ µ that smokÐ µrs rÐ µtain havÐ µ rights to choosÐ µ to usÐ µ tobacco products. In rÐ µcÐ µnt yÐ µars, thÐ µ opponÐ µnts of tobacco rÐ µgulation havÐ µ accusÐ µd thÐ µ tobacco control movÐ µmÐ µnt of bÐ µing unjust. To thÐ µsÐ µ critics, smokÐ µrs arÐ µ unfairly trÐ µatÐ µd (Sullum 175): By stÐ µpping in and imposing thÐ µ samÐ µ smoking policy on Ð µvÐ µryonÐ µ, thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt dÐ µstroys divÐ µrsitythÐ µ potÐ µntial to satisfy a widÐ µ variÐ µty of tastÐ µs and prÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs, not just thÐ µ majority's (Sullum 179). What is morÐ µ, Sullum is arguing that a policy Ð µnvironmÐ µnt allowing for a divÐ µrsity of markÐ µt standards rÐ µgarding accÐ µptablÐ µ smoking bÐ µhavior is prÐ µfÐ µrablÐ µ to a standard antismoking policy (180). At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, thÐ µ public is gÐ µtting incrÐ µasingly concÐ µrnÐ µd ovÐ µr thÐ µ Ð µffÐ µcts of sÐ µcond-hand smoking and thÐ µ hÐ µalth risks it carriÐ µs. AdvocatÐ µs of thÐ µ ban on smoking in public placÐ µs prÐ µsÐ µnt a numbÐ µr of clÐ µar-cur rÐ µasons why pÐ µoplÐ µ should b protÐ µctÐ µd from this harmful habit. RÐ µgulating smoking in public placÐ µs In rÐ µcÐ µnt yÐ µars, thÐ µ primary argumÐ µnt justifying rÐ µgulation of tobacco products has bÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ hÐ µalth costs and risks associatÐ µd with tobacco usÐ µ. Antismoking advocatÐ µs havÐ µ succÐ µssfully prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ that sÐ µcond-hand smoking causÐ µs sÐ µrious hÐ µalth damagÐ µs to third partiÐ µs to justify govÐ µrnmÐ µntal intÐ µrvÐ µntion. ThÐ µ justification favoring smoking ban in public placÐ µs is positionÐ µd on a combination of sciÐ µntific, moral, and public policy grounds. AdvocatÐ µs claim that thÐ µ clÐ µar social and hÐ µalth gains from clÐ µan indoor air rÐ µstrictions far outwÐ µigh thÐ µ intÐ µrruption with individual frÐ µÃ µdom to smokÐ µ (Sullum 90). SciÐ µntific ArgumÐ µnts: ThÐ µ most popular sciÐ µntific dÐ µbatÐ µ on smoking concÐ µrns thÐ µ Ð µffÐ µcts of sÐ µcond-hand smoking. In thÐ µ Ð µarly 1990s, thÐ µ nation's lÐ µading sciÐ µntific rÐ µsÐ µarch organizations rÐ µlÐ µasÐ µd statÐ µmÐ µnts Ð µmphasizing thÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd to rÐ µducÐ µ thÐ µ public's Ð µxposurÐ µ to sÐ µcond-hand smoking. In 1991, thÐ µ CDC's National InstitutÐ µ for Occupational SafÐ µty and HÐ µalth (NIOSH) issuÐ µd a bullÐ µtin rÐ µcommÐ µnding that sÐ µcond-hand smokÐ µ bÐ µ rÐ µducÐ µd to thÐ µ lowÐ µst possiblÐ µ concÐ µntration in thÐ µ workplacÐ µ (LÐ µvy and Marimont 26). RÐ µviÐ µws of thÐ µ sciÐ µntific data rÐ µlating to thÐ µ dangÐ µrs of sÐ µcondhand smokÐ µ by thÐ µ National AcadÐ µmy of SciÐ µncÐ µs, thÐ µ U.S. Public HÐ µalth SÐ µrvicÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕPA, NIOSH, and thÐ µ AmÐ µrican HÐ µart Association all sÐ µparatÐ µly concludÐ µd that Ð µxposurÐ µ to ЕTS at thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µls that oftÐ µn occur in U.S. homÐ µs and worksitÐ µs is associatÐ µd with lung cancÐ µr, cardiovascular disÐ µasÐ µ, strokÐ µ, and othÐ µr illnÐ µssÐ µs in nonsmokÐ µrs (LÐ µvy and Marimont 26). ConcÐ µptual ArgumÐ µnts: In addition to thÐ µ sciÐ µntific argumÐ µnts, advocatÐ µs also offÐ µr concÐ µptual justifications for banning smoking in public placÐ µs. For instancÐ µ, Arno, Brandt, Gostin, and Morgan offÐ µr thrÐ µÃ µ justifications for rÐ µgulating tobacco: risk to public hÐ µalth or safÐ µty, risk assumÐ µd by childrÐ µn and adolÐ µscÐ µnts, and risk assumÐ µd by consÐ µnting adults (258-260). Conclusion Banning smoking in public placÐ µs prÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ traditional public hÐ µalth dilÐ µmma of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ individual's rights to smokÐ µ and takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for his or hÐ µr own hÐ µalth arÐ µ outwÐ µighÐ µd by thÐ µ public's right to clÐ µan air in public placÐ µs. Similarly, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ philosophical quÐ µstion rÐ µgarding thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt to which thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt should bÐ µ allowÐ µd to rulÐ µ in thÐ µ namÐ µ of public hÐ µalth whilÐ µ limiting individual frÐ µÃ µdom to smokÐ µ. ЕvÐ µn though thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ many opponÐ µnts of smoking ban, it is clÐ µar that govÐ µrnmÐ µnt should act to discouragÐ µ smoking in public placÐ µs to protÐ µct nonsmokÐ µrs from bÐ µing Ð µxposÐ µd to dangÐ µrs associatÐ µd with smoking. It is clÐ µar that govÐ µrnmÐ µnt should not ignorÐ µ smoking and should usÐ µ its powÐ µrs to makÐ µ smoking in public as difficult as possiblÐ µ. Finally, rÐ µcÐ µnt studiÐ µs continuÐ µ to dÐ µmonstratÐ µ thÐ µ hÐ µalth problÐ µms associatÐ µd with sÐ µcond-hand smoking. Finally, bÐ µcausÐ µ smokÐ µrs arÐ µ not bÐ µing askÐ µd or rÐ µquirÐ µd to givÐ µ up smoking, thÐ µ minor intÐ µrfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ on whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µy can smokÐ µ is far outwÐ µighÐ µd by thÐ µ harm to third pÐ µrsons from allowing smoking in public placÐ µs.

The basics of quality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The basics of quality management - Essay Example His research took place during the Second World War when there was a need for quality appraisal in strategic goods such as ammunitions and other products used during the war. His ideas were also borrowed from Japans need to improve the quality in the building of its country. The theory was based on 14 major principles that explained quality management processes (Adetule 50). Deming’s theory is also based on the principle of profound knowledge that is crucial in the success of an organization. Reflective knowledge is based on four principles that generalize the 14 pillars of the theory. System appreciation includes comprehension of the company’s ways of operation. Workers have to understand the code of conducts before employing quality management in the organization. Variation knowledge provides for changes in the organization that may happen before quality monitoring. Psychology knowledge assists the managers to understand customer and employee trends that may affect th e operation of quality management procedures. Deming continued his research in countries with developing industrial environments and used his knowledge to come up with principles such as Plan-Do-Check-Act that can be used for continuous quality improvement (Adetule 49). His research projects began during his career as an engineer where he used his knowledge in human relations to standardize production in companies that he worked. Joseph teamed up with other scholars to write books and campaign the need for a standardization organization that would monitor the quality of goods and services in the markets. The ‘Juran Trilogy approach highlighted on managerial processes that would affect quality management tactics in businesses (Adetule 49). They include quality improvement, control and planning. He also incorporated the use of statistical and scientific methods such as acceptance sampling and control charts in quality management. Cause-and-effect diagram or the Ishikawa chart

Greek Microsoft Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Greek Microsoft - Case Study Example He/she will be responsible for the AntiPiracy organization to maximize efficiency of AntiPiracy programs externally throughout customer segments and Reseller's channel & internally for all employees driving AntiPiracy education and readiness campaigns (eg. what is Intellectual Property (IP), SW Asset management (SAM) etc). In addition, for building an external, cross-industry coalition and managing relationships with third party influential's to maximize the impact that we have on government engagement efforts targeting local and foreign influencers to combat piracy." Ten years ago the specific sub was rather small (30 employees). The General Manager was the leader and followed all Microsoft guidelines for personnel and management. This sub was particularly important for the Middle East Africa region therefore there was an interest from the headquarters for the sub's profits and sales turnover. After a major reengineering the sub moved to the EMEA (Europe Middle East Africa) region and its importance was significantly reduced. The Antipiracy Manager's position lost its importance since it became a subordinate of Small and Medium Enterprises Manager (SME) instead of the General Manager as it was before. The work environment, prior to the move to EMEA, was comfortable and employees felt they had initiative and their efforts were rewarded accordingly. When the sub moved to EMEA, a new General Manager took over the position as the old one resigned. The new GM did not have any experience of the software industry (his experience was in Digital, PC hardware) and his leadership style was different. He made his decisions based solely on his Direct Reports feedback without cross checking the info he had and without having first hand experience. This fact plus his non software experience created a very negative work environment. Employees' performance appraisal was based on their good or bad working relationships with the managers and not on objective and measurable criteria. People started playing "politics" instead of being productive. As a result, the sales turnover of the sub, after having seven consecutive years increase, was reduced significantly. The new GM was fired after having only two years work experience at the sub. Brief analysis of the theory of Emotional intelligence and the role of a positive environment. D. Goleman (2000) defines Emotional Intelligence as the ability to recognize our own feelings as well as the feelings of others, to create motives for ourselves and to handle correctly our feelings and our

Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay

Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay People living in this world are divided by their cultures. Language as the part of culture holds an important role in peoples lives because it enables people to express their ideas either by talking or writing to others. In the earlier times, people did not seem to have problems related to the communication since they only needed to communicate with people in the same community who had good knowledge of the language they used. However, along with the growth of the age marked by the advance of communication devices and the needs of people to communicate to others outside their communities, the problem of communication starts to occur since people have to communicate with others having different languages in terms of its grammatical structures, its vocabularies, and even its spellings. It causes difficulties for people who are not accustomed to those differences. In order to solve the problems between two different languages, people use translation. Basically, translation is a tool to deliver meaning from source language (SL) to target language (TL). To make sure the meaning is perfectly delivered, a translator must re-construct the text by translating the words from SL to TL and arrange them based on the structures of sentence in TL so the structures are suitable with TL and there will be no loss of meaning. Knowing the importance to master translation skills, universities in Indonesia open a subject studying translation, and one of them is Translation Skill subject in English Department State University of Jakarta focusing on studying translation between English and Indonesian languages. In this Translation Skill subject, besides studying the theories related to translation such as the process, the methods, and the strategies of translation, students also conduct the activity of translating, that is to translate texts from English to Indonesian language and vice versa. In order to become a professional translator, students do not only have to master proper knowledge concerning translation theories but also they have to able to translate different kinds of text from foreign languages, in this case, English to Indonesian language in a proper form which means that the text can be read easily and its meaning remains intact. However in the implementation, students may face problems especially related to the different structures between English and Indonesian because indeed, as Moentaha (2006:12) states, every language has its specific grammatical and lexical systems. Actually, there many strategies, procedures, and techniques provided by translation experts to solve difficulties in translating as well as to prevent any distortions of meaning and errors which may be conducted by a translator especially students of English Department as novice translators, and one of them is translation shift. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. The shift can occur when a translator is translating a text from SL to TL by concerning some adaptations namely structural adaptation which causes the shift of form and semantic adaptation which causes the shift of meaning (Nida and Taber, 1969:105). Shifts are categorized into two major types, namely level shifts, the different level of equivalence between SL and TL items and category shifts, the departure of formal correspondence which are divided into four categories namely structure shifts, unit shifts, class shifts, and intra-system shifts (Catford, 1965:76). Studying those shifts in translation raises the curiosity of the writer to find out the types of shifts which occur in English Department students translated texts as well as the patterns of shift the students use to solve different structures between English and Indonesian language. Research Questions The questions to be answered in this study are: What type of shifts occurs in students translated texts? What shifts do dominantly occur in students translated texts? What pattern of shifts used by students to bridge the different grammatical structures between English and Indonesian? What pattern of shifts does dominantly occur in every type of shifts? Purpose of the Study The study aims at discovering the types of translation and classifying patterns of shifts occurring when students translate a text from English to Indonesian. From those kinds of translation shift and its patterns, the study also aims at figuring out the kinds of translation shift which dominantly occur in the translated text and the patterns of shift which are dominantly used by students to bridge the different grammatical structure between English and Indonesian. Limitation of the Study The study will focus on analyzing translation shifts occurring in thirty-five translated texts randomly taken from midterm test on Translation 2 subject conducted by students of English Literature Study Program English Department State University of Jakarta. The writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided by John Cunnison Catford in his book A Linguistic Theory of Translation dividing shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. Significance of the Study Besides can enrich the field of translation in English Department State University of Jakarta, this study is expected to enhance the ability of English Department students as novice translators to translate texts from English to Indonesian as equivalent as possible by concerning the shifts they can use to solve different structures between English and Indonesian. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of definition of translation, process of translation, method of translation, definition of translation shifts, types of translation shifts, and the use of midterm test on Translation 2 subject as the source of data. 2.1. Definition of Translation Translation rises as an activity to translate message from source language containing meaning and words, and to reproduce them in a target language which can be understood by its readers. Although the elements of translation source text, meaning or information, and target text are agreed by translation experts proven by the presence of those elements in their definitions of translation, they have different ways to express the definition of translation. Catford (1978:20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). From the phrase equivalent textual material above, it can be figured out that the main thing which should be replaced is the information. In other words, a translator has to be capable of replacing the information in source text with equivalent information in target text. Another definition of translation is also presented by Nida (1969:12) stating that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. On that definition, Nida explains clearly that the main activity a translator has to do is to convey the message from source language to target language as natural as possible by regarding its meaning and style. Besides meaning and style, there is another thing which should be considered by translators if they want to create a good translation the intention of the source texts author. The concept is derived from Newmark (1988:5) who states that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Therefore, before translating a text, a translator has to read the whole text to understand the intention of STs author in making the text. In other words, a translator is like a bridge connecting the intention of STs author to the readers of target text. A balance between forms of language and structures of meaning which creates a complete package of a proper translation is delivered by Larson (1984:3) who states: Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. On that definition, the first activity translators have to do is to transfer the meaning constantly from SL to TL continued by delivering it in the appropriate form of TL to prevent any loss or distortion of meaning. 2.2. Process of Translation Before explaining the process of translation deeper, one thing to be considered is the meaning of process. Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary (2000:1050) provides three definitions of process and the first one is appropriate with translation defining process as a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result. Another definition of process is also provided by Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2002:899) defining process as rangkaian tindakan, pembuatan, atau pengolahan yang menghasilkan produk. Two definitions of process above can be concluded that to achieve certain goals, there are a series of actions should be conducted. The same matter also occurs in translation when a translator has to undergo a series of processes to translate texts from SL to TL as stated by translation experts below. Larson (1988:3) provides three steps to produce a translation. First thing translators need to do is to learn the lexicons, grammatical structures, communication circumstances, and cultural contexts from source language continued by analyzing the SL texts to find out its meaning. Finally, the meaning is re-expressed using the lexicons and grammatical structures of target language and its cultural contexts as drawn on the figure below: Figure 1 SOURCE LANGUAGE TARGET LANGUAGE Text to be translated Discover the meaning Meaning Re-express the meaning Translation In line with Larson, Nida and Taber (1982:33) also draws a figure to explain that translation has to undergo three processes namely analysis, transfer, and restructuring called Three Stages of Process as shown below: A (Source) (Analysis) X Y (Restructuring) B (Receptor) (Transfer) Figure 2 On the first stage namely analysis stage, the message in language A is analyzed in terms of its grammatical relationships as well as its meaning and combination of words in the form of X. Secondly, on the transfer stage, those analyzed materials are transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B in the form of Y. Finally, on the restructuring stage, the transferred materials are restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. Moreover, Newmark (1988:19) divides the process of translation into four levels namely the textual level, the referential level, the cohesive level, and the naturalness level. On the textual level, translators have to find the equivalence of SL grammar in TL, translate its lexical units, and put them in the appropriate form of TL sentences. However, there are some words having more than one meaning including idioms and figurative expressions in the source text and these are the task of translators in the referential level, to define the real meaning behind those expressions and put those meaning in the appropriate expressions in the target text. To link the textual and referential level, translators should advance to the next level namely cohesive level. In this level, translators use connective words which can unite the text such as conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definite articles, general words, referential synonyms, and punctuation marks (Newmark, 1988:23). In other wor ds, to secure the meaning of the text, translators have to secure its form first because if the sentences in the text are not linked together, the readers will not get the meaning of the text. Finally, on the last level, focusing on constructing translated texts, translators have to make sure that their translated texts make sense and read naturally for a certain kind of situation because the translated texts seem natural in one context, may not seem natural in other contexts. Nothing translators can do other than to read their whole translated texts, underline some unnatural expressions, and replace them with the more natural ones. 2.3. Method of Translation In their attempt to distinguish between methods, strategies, and techniques, Molina and Albir (2002:507) define methods of translation as the way of a particular translation process that is carried out in terms of translators objective, i.e., a global option that affects the whole texts and their definition is strengthened by Newmark (1988:81) stating that translation methods relate to whole texts, while translation procedures are used sentences and the smaller units of language. It can be concluded that the result of translated texts is determined by the methods of translation used by translators because the aim and the intention of translators will affect the overall result of their translated texts. Newmark (1988:45) draws the methods of translation in the form of a V diagram dividing them into SL emphasis such as word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, as well as semantic translation, and TL emphasis such as adaptation, free translation, idiomatic tr anslation, as well as communicative translation. 2.3.1 Word-for-Word Translation This method is used on the pre-translation phase where the TL words are directly put below the SL words as so called interlinear translation. Cultural words are translated literally out of the context. Translators only need to find the equivalent words from SL to TL but the position of those SL words remains intact in TL to understand the mechanism of TL and as Catford states (1965:25) to illustrate in a crude way differences structure between SL and TL for further studies. 2.3.2 Literal Translation This method of translation is between word-for-word and free translation where the words are still translated out of context as in word-for-word translation but then they are placed based on the grammatical structure of TL. 2.3.3 Faithful Translation In faithful translation, translators try to reproduce the contextual meaning of SL to TL and place them based on the grammatical structure of TL. Cultural words are translated but its grammatical and lexical abnormality still occurs. Faithful here means the translation attempt to be completely faithful to the intentions and text-realisation of the SL writer. 2.3.4 Semantic Translation This method of translation produces a more natural translation than the previous method since in semantic translation, the aesthetic element is taken into consideration and cultural words in SL are translated into its cultural equivalent in TL. Semantic translation is more flexible than faithful translation which Newmark (1988:46) says as an uncompromising and dogmatic method. 2.3.5 Adaptation Adaptation as the freest form of translation is commonly used in translating poetries and script of plays where cultural conversions occur from SL to TL without changing the themes, characters, or plot of SL. Therefore, if translators want to adapt a script of play, for example, they have to maintain the characters and plot of the script while adapting only its dialogues from SL to TL. 2.3.6 Free Translation In this method, the content of source text takes more priority than its form so paraphrase is commonly used to assure the message from source text can be clearly delivered to the readers of target text. 2.3.7 Idiomatic Translation When translators reach this method, their translations will not sound like translated texts anymore since in this method, the message is reproduced in TL with more natural and familiar expressions sometimes using colloquialisms and idioms which do not exist in SL. 2.3.8 Communicative Translation This method prioritizes the elements of communication such as purpose of translation and readership (Machali, 2000:55), so translators have to translate the contextual meaning of SL both its language and its content to be acceptable and understandable for readers of TL who expect no difficulties in reading translated texts. 2.4 Definition of Translation Shifts As stated on the scope of study, the writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided mainly by Catford added with some other explanations from Newmark as well as Vinay and Darbelnet. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. Items which can be shifted are grammar as Newmark (1988:55) states shift is translation procedure involving a change in grammar from SL to TL, and word-class as Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:64) state transposition is the replacement of one word-class by another without changing the meaning of the message. Newmark (1988:85) states at least four reasons behind the occurrence of shifts. The first one is when SL and TL have different language systems so the shifts occur automatically and translators have no options but to undergo those shifts as in the translation of English plural words A pair of glasses to Indonesian singular words Sepasang kacamata and the position of adjectives as in A beautiful woman translated into Wanita cantik (Hartono, 2009:28). Another reason is when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, for example the initial position of verb in Indonesian sentences which is not familiar in English sentences except in imperative sentences. Therefore, it uses common structures of sentence as in the translation of Telah disahkan penggunaannya to Its usage has been approved (Hartono, 2009:29). Further, shifts also occur where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter of naturalness between SL a nd TL, for example the change of word-class from noun to verb as in the translation of The pursuits of an intellectual life to Mengejar kehidupan intelektual. The last, shifts occur to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure, for example the change from phrase to clause as in the translation of The man with blue jacket is Mr. Green to Lelaki yang memakai jaket biru adalah Tuan Green (Hartono, 2009:30). 2.5 Types of Translation Shifts There are five types of shifts provided by Catford (1965:73) divided into two major types namely level shifts, and category shifts consisting of structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. 2.5.1 Level Shifts Level shift occurs when an item at one linguistic level in SL has its translation equivalent at different level in TL (Catford, 1965:73). The only possible level shift in translation is the shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa as in the translation between English This text is intended for. to French Le present Manuel sadresse a. From the example above, level shift occurs when English this as a term in grammatical system of deictic is translated to French le present as a modifier consisting an article + a lexical adjective. Another example is from English He is eating a noodle soup translated to Indonesian Dia sedang makan mie rebus where a grammatical structure of English present continuous tense (is + V-ing) is translated to Indonesian lexicon sedang. 2.5.2 Category Shifts Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000:196) defines category as a group of people or things with particular features in common. Catford (1965:76) states category shift refers to some shifts which share a particular feature departures from formal correspondence in translation. Category shifts is divided into four types namely structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. 2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts Structure shifts grammatically occur at any ranks of language where words, phrase, clauses, or sentences in SL has its translation equivalent with the same rank in TL so only their structures are different. Catford (1965:77) gives an example of structure shifts in clause rank from English clause The man is in the boat. to Gaelic clause Tha an duine anns a bhata. where their subjects are highlighted, their predicators are italicized and their adjuncts are underlined. A shift of structure occurs since the subject and the predicator of English clause exchange their position when the clause is translated to Gaelic so the structure S-P-A in English is switched into P-S-A in Gaelic. Another structure shift also occurs at phrase rank from A beautiful woman with adjective + noun in English to wanita yang cantik with noun + adjective in Indonesian. 2.5.2.2 Class Shifts Class shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. An example given by Catford (1965:79) clearly shows a change of class from English phrase A white house to French phrase Une maison blanche where the English adjective white as a modifier (M) has its equivalence in French adjective blanche as a qualifier (Q) although both of them are adjectives, they possess different functions as a modifier in English and as a qualifier in French. A change of class also occurs when an English clause They insist on higher wages is translated into an Indonesian clause Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji. The example shows that the English adjective of comparative higher changes to Indonesian noun kenaikan. 2.5.2.3 Unit Shifts Unit shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL. An example comes from the translation of English clause My father is very nice to Indonesian clause Ayahku sangat baik where a phrase in SL my father has a word ayahku in TL as its equivalence. 2.5.2.4 Intra-System Shifts Intra-system shifts are departures from formal correspondence where (a term operating in) one system in the SL has its translation equivalent (a term operating in) a different non-corresponding system in the TL, the shifts occur internally within a system. Vinay and Darbelnet in Catford (1965:80) give examples of the system related to the singular and plural form of words between English and French. An English singular word advice has translation equivalent a French plural word des concils and vice versa, a French singular word le pantalon has translation equivalent an English plural word trousers. 2.6 Midterm Test on Translation 2 Subject as the Source of Data Translation Skill is one of the subjects provided by English Department State University of Jakarta divided into two subjects taken continuously in different semesters namely Translation 1 in the fourth semester and Translation 2 in the fifth semester. Both subjects have four credits and are held twice a week. The purpose of this subject is to prepare reliable translators who can translate various kinds of texts including legal and non-legal text from English to Indonesian and vice versa. To reach its goal, students are not only given theories of translation such as definition, process, and various strategies to produce adequate translation, but they are also assigned to translate various kinds of texts to train their translation skill and to apply the theories they are studying. In the middle of the meetings, Translation 2 holds midterm test on November 2nd 2012 which consists of two parts. On the first part, students are given two texts and they have to choose the types of those texts whether persuasive, descriptive, or expository as well as to give their reasons regarding their choices. What will be analyzed by the writer is the second part of the test where students have to translate two texts from English to Indonesian titled The Meaning of English Literature and Enhancing the Role of Forests in Adapting to Climate Change as clearly, naturally, and accurately as possible. Although this is a midterm test, students are still allowed to open their dictionaries but it only helps them to find the lexical meaning of words. They still have to pay more attention to find its contextual meaning and to adjust their translations in the appropriate structures of Indonesian language using the strategies they have learnt so far, and one of the strategies may be transla tion shifts. Translated texts from midterm test are chosen as the source of data because during midterm test, students are translating the texts more carefully and more seriously to produce clear, natural, and accurate translations in order to obtain proper score. It comes better possibility to produce better translation. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of theoretical framework, research method, data and source of data, data collection procedures, and data analysis procedures. 3.1. Theoretical Framework Following up the definition of translation by Larson who states translation is to transfer the meaning and to change the form of texts from SL to TL, the writer will conduct a study about translation shift in students translated texts. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. In other words, there will be some changes of form when a text is translated from SL to TL. Newmark (1988:85) states shifts occur when SL and TL have different language systems, when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, when literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL, and when translators want to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. The translated texts are taken from English Department State University of Jakarta students answer sheets of Translation 2 midterm test and those translated texts will be analyzed using the theories of translatio n shifts by Catford who divided shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. The writer chooses to analyze translated texts from midterm test because during midterm test, students will be more serious and more careful in doing their tests to obtain proper score so the possibility to produce better translation is higher. 3.2 Research Method In this study, the writer will use descriptive analysis as the method of the study. Kountur (2004:105) defines descriptive as a kind of research which gives descriptions or analyses over a situation as clearly as possible without manipulating the objects being observed. Therefore, in descriptive analysis method, the writer will describe the data and continued by analyzing them as Ratna (2010:53) states that descriptive analysis method is conducted by describing facts followed by analyses providing sufficient understanding and explanation. 3.3 Data and Sources of Data Thirty-five translated texts in Indonesian language from midterm test on Translation 2 subject will be used as the source of data. The analysis will be focused on the words, phrases, and clauses in the texts as the data. 3.4 Data Collection Procedures Data collection is a process of recording an event and gathering pertinent information (La Pierre and Zimmerman, 1997:39). In this study, the writer will collect the data using following procedures: Asking for permission from the lecturers of Translation 2 subject to borrow answer and question sheets. Copying the answer and the question sheets. Reading two English texts in the question sheet. Reading two translated texts written in Indonesian from students answer sheets. Underlining words, phrases, and clauses where translation shifts occur to be categorized and analyzed later. 3.5 Data Analysis Procedures After collecting the data, the writer will analyze them using the procedures below: Drawing a table consisting of English items, Indonesian items, and types of shift columns as following: English Items Indonesian Items Level Shifts Category Shifts Structure Shifts Class Shifts Unit Shifts Intra-system Shifts Name of Students: Filling English and Indonesian Items columns with the words, phrases, or clauses from both versions of texts to be analyzed. Determining the patterns of shift on the types of shift columns as shown below: English Items Indonesian Items Level Shifts Category Shifts Structure Shifts Class Shifts Unit Shifts Intra-system Shifts They insist on higher wages Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji Adjective to Noun Listing the types and the patterns of shift used by every student as shown below: Student A Types of Shift Amount Patterns of Shift Amount Level Shifts 14 Grammar to Lexis 14 Structure Shifts 10 Adj+N to N+Adj 10 Class Shifts 12 Adjective to Noun 9 Noun to Adjective 3 Unit Shifts 11 Word to Phrase 4 Phrase to Word 7 Intra-System Shifts 15 Plural to Singular 15 Stating the dominant types and patterns of shift. For example, the table above shows that the dominant type of shift is intra-system shifts while the dominant patterns of shift are grammar to lexis from level shifts, Adj+N to N+Adj from structure shifts, Adjective to Noun from class shifts, Phrase to Word from unit shifts, and Plural to Singular from intra-system shifts.

Eating Disorders Essay -- essays research papers fc

An eating disorder is an illness that involves an unhealthy feeling about the food we eat. â€Å"Eating disorders affect 5-10 millions Americans and 70 million individuals worldwide† (www.eatingdisorderinfo.org 1). They also affect many people from women, men, children, from all ages and different races. People who have eating disorders usually see themselves as being fat when they really aren’t. This usually deals with women or teenage girls mostly. They watch television, movies, read articles in magazines, and see pictures of the celebrities whom they want to be like because they have the â€Å"ideal body† that everyone wants and craves for. The media makes us all think we need those types of bodies to be happy with ourselves, be more successful in life, and be perfect. Starving yourself or eating less amounts of food doesn’t help you get the â€Å"ideal body† that you desire to have. This shows that you lack self-esteem and only want to see what other people see in life. This may impinge on people who are alone and want to get attention and by doing this they want to be thin. There are many different kinds of eating disorders that people are affected with. For example, there is Anorexia Nervosa, which deals with not eating regularly or eats little amounts of food or not eating at all. There is also Bulimia Nervosa, which is when a person eats a large amount of food and then binges or purges after to get rid of the food they just put into the body. Lastly there is the Binge eating disorder. This disorder is when a person keeps a secret from everyone of their excessive eating. â€Å"Women make up more than 90 percent of people with these eating disorders† (www.4woman.gov 1).â€Å"However, young women are most vulnerable, particularly between the ages 15-25 years† (www.edauk.com 1). Women are more likely to be anorexic, because they always see other women with thin bodies and feel pressured to want to be like them. They may be alone or divorced and may need attention so they look for ways to get that attention from people. â€Å"The women suffer with feelings of self-hate, worthlessness, low self-esteem, and they usually feel that in order to be happy, they must be thin† (www.mirror-mirror.org 1). Women in the business industry feel they don’t get enough attention from people so in order to heighten their career, they put themselves out there to have the perfect body to get people’s att... ... illness. If you do not seek help you can damage your body, cause major health problems, and even death. But if you do seek help, you can increasingly build up your self-esteem that helps cope with the illness. Bibliography #1 - Thompson, Colleen. Eating Disorders. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #2 - Thompson, Colleen. Children. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #3 - Thompson, Colleen. Women. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #4 - Thompson, Colleen. Binge Eating Disorder. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #5 - Thompson, Colleen. Anorexia Nervosa. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #6 - Thompson, Colleen. Bulimia Nervosa. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #7 - Hendrick, Victoria Eating Disorders. Internet Explorer July 2002 #8 - Spearing, Melissa. Eating Disorders. Internet Explorer. August 6, 2002 #9 – Anonymous. EDA. What is an Eating Disorder? Internet Explorer. March 31, 2004 #10 – Anonymous. Eating Disorders Statistics. Internet Explorer. http://www.eatingdisorderinfo.org #11 - Harmon, Dan. Anorexia Nervosa Starving for Attention. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers 1999 #12 - Nardo, Dan. Eating Disorders. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc. 1991